Amines Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles Synthesis

Amines Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles Synthesis Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction To cure deadly disease such as cancer, significant endeavors have been done in synthesizing nanomaterials (Xue et al., 2011). Ideal nanoparticle system will own multimodality for imaging and therapy. It will carry out as an excellent bioprobes to find disease site and as a carriers to target cells. In biomedical field, they have been demonstrated to be useful in immunoassays, gene assays, and photodynamic therapy. For this application, utilization of upconversion luminescence (UCL) emission is favorable (Zhou et al., 2013). Upconversion luminescence is a process where low energy light is converted to higher energy light through sequential absorption of multiple photons induced by low power continuous wave laser. The utilization of near infrared (NIR) laser to induced the multiple photons energy transfer impart to the minimization of auto-fluorescence, less damage to cells, and larger penetration depth compete with ultraviolet (UV) excitation (Shen et al., 2012). Inorganic rare earth (RE) (lanthanide) nanomaterials lately have been exposed to be most preferred luminescent biolabels, due to the rigid crystal host lattice maintain the emitting RE dopants from environmental effects. Furthermore, lanthanide ions are acknowledged to show efficient upconversion luminescence. Inorganic crystals do not exhibit upconversion luminescence at room temperature. The upconversion phenomena particularly takes place in singly or multiply doped host systems. Therefore, researches focus on materials that composed of a crystalline host and RE dopants attached to the host lattice in low concentration. Behave as multipurpose bioprobes implemented in nanomedicine, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) should be come up with uniform size and morphology, water soluble, and appropriate surface functional group for bioconjugation as well as high luminescent efficiency (Sun et al., 2014; Li et al., 2010). To fulfil these requirements, many attempts have been allocated to the controlled synthesis. Previous Study Kramer et al. (2004) reported the successful preparation of hexagonal sodium yttrium fluoride based green and blue emitting upconversion phosphors. The acquired phosphor materials reveal no deterioration under high-power infrared laser excitation. Li et al. (2008) prepared hexagonal phase NaYF4:Yb, Er/Tm nanocrystal with a â€Å"user-friendly† method by constructing small solid-state crystal nuclei and further growth and ripening of the nuclei. All the nanocrystals revealed strong upconversion fluorescence. Li et al. (2008) reported successful preparation of multicolor core/shell-structured upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles. This was the first report in the field using such nanoparticles for bioimaging. In this work, uniform hexagonal-phase NaYF4 nanospheres with strong upconversion fluorescence and core/shell silica/NaYF4 structures are produced, with uniform silica coating on the surface. Jalil et al. (2008) synthesized uniform silica coated hexagonal phase NaYF4 nanocrystal with strong NIR to visible upconversion fluorescence. The results from this study revealed that the silica coated NaYF4 upconversion nanocrystals displayed good in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, demonstrating their potential applications in both cellular and animal imaging systems. Hu et al. (2009) prepared uniform silica-coated NaYF4: 20 mol% Yb, 2 mol% Er nanocomposites with good dispersibility, containing organic dye incorporated in the silica shell and folic acid conjugated on the surface of the shell. The core–shell nanocomposites are 20–22 nm in size, water soluble, and buffer stable, with good photostability and biocompatibility. Garcia et al. (2012) prepared a novel strategy for the therapeutic delivery of nitric oxide to physiological target. They demonstrated the use of upconverting nanoparticles to facilitate NO uncaging from a well characterized precursor by 980 nm irradiation from a simple NIR diode laser operating in the continuous mode. Chien et al. (2013) formulated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the NIR-triggered targeting and drug delivery vehicles that successfully deliver in vitro and in vivo for near-infrared light photocontrolled targeting, bioimaging, and chemotherapy. Problem Statement As described previously, UCNPs are considered as useful biomaterials in biomedical application. The unique properties of UCNPs have given interest to many researchers to functionalize the surface for biological usage. A sort of method to synthesize UCNPs have been evolved. There are three common methods usually used, co-precipitation (Yi et al., 2004), thermal decomposition (Li et al., 2008), and hydro(solvo)thermal (Liu et al., 2007). Thermal decomposition is the best technique to obtain highly monodisperse UCNPs. In this method, rare earth (RE) trifluoroacetates are heated to attain thermal equilibrium in the presence of oleic acid and octadecene. Here, oleic acid function as a stabilizing agent to terminate particle agglomeration, while octadecene behave as a high boiling point solvent (Boyer et al., 2006). The oleic acid forms a coordinate bond to the surface of particles, so causing it hydrophobic. UCNP prepared via thermal decomposition is well dispersed in organic solvents such as cyclohexane but insoluble in aqueous solution. If employed in biosciences, UCNPs particularly are implemented in aqueous solution. Therefore, they have to be dispersible in water. To make it water dispersible, we need to modify the surface of upconversion nanoparticle. A common method to make it water dispersible is by coating with silica layer (Li et al., 2008). In order to be applicable in affinity assays and bioassays, the surface of UCNPs has to be functionalized to facilitate covalent immobilization of appropriate biomolecules. Such surface chemistry is expected to be versatile to facilitate immobilization of proteins, receptors, enzymes, or nucleic acid oligomers. Therefore, here we studied about the surface functionalization of upconversion nanoparticles for biological usage. Research Objectives In this study, amines functionalized upconversion nanoparticles were synthesized using stober process with hydrothermal treatment to enhance the amines stability on the surface. The size and zeta potential of particles are characterized by using dynamic light scattering in various solvent. The morphology of particles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The amines substitution level and amines stability on the surface is characterized by using fluorescamines assay in various solvent.

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 5

Hana turned and hurried up the riverbank. The woman screaming was Sada, her mother's sister^ and the girl who was stumbling beside her was Ryl, Hana's little cousin. Ryl was a pretty girl, ten years old. But right now she looked dazed and almost unconscious. And her neck and the front of her leather tunic were smeared with blood. â€Å"What happened?† Hana gasped, running to put her arms around her cousin. â€Å"She was out looking for new greens. I found her lying on the ground-I thought she was dead!† Sada's face contorted in grief. She was speaking rapidly, almost incoherently. â€Å"And look at this-look at her neck!† On Ryl's pale neck, in the center of the blood, Hana could just make out two small marks. They looked like the marks of sharp teeth-but only two teeth. â€Å"It had to be an animal,† Ket breathed from behind Hana. â€Å"But what animal only leaves the marks of two teeth?† Hana's heart felt tight and oddly heavy at once- like a stone falling inside her. Sada was already speaking. â€Å"It wasn't an animal! She says it was a man, a boy! She says he threw her down and bit her-and he drank her blood.† Sada began to sob, clutching Ryl to her. â€Å"Why would he want to do that? Oh, please, somebody help me! My daughter's been hurt!† Ryl just stared dazedly over her mother's arm. Ket said faintly, â€Å"A boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hana gulped and said, â€Å"Let's take her to Old Mother †¦Ã¢â‚¬  But then she stopped and looked toward the river. The men were driving the stranger up the bank. He was snarling, terrified and angry-but when he saw Ryl, his expression changed. He stared at her, his wounded animal eyes sick and dismayed. To Hana, it seemed as if he could hardly stand to look at her, but he couldn't look away. His gaze was fixed on the little girl's throat. And then he turned away, his eyes shut, his head falling into his hands. Every movement showed anguish. It was as if all the fight had gone out of him at once. Hana looked back and forth in horror from the girl with blood on her throat to the stranger with blood on his mouth. The connection was obvious and nobody had to make it out loud. But why? she thought, feeling nauseated and dizzy. Why would anybody want to drink a girl's blood? No animal and no human did that. He must be a demon after all. Arno stepped forward. He gripped Ryl's chin gently, turning her head toward the stranger. â€Å"Was he the one who attacked you?† Ryl's dazed eyes stared straight ahead-and then she suddenly seemed to focus. Her pupils got big and she looked at the face of the stranger. Then she started screaming. Screaming and screaming, hands flying up to cover her eyes. Her mother began to sob, rocking her. Some of the men began to shout at the stranger, jabbing spears at him, overcome with shock and horror. All the sounds merged together in a terrifying cacophony in Hana's head. Hana found herself trembling. She reached automatically for little Ryl, not knowing how to comfort her. Ket was crying. Sada was wailing as she held her child. People were streaming out of the limestone cave, yelling, trying to find out what all the noise was about. And through it all, the stranger huddled, his eyes shut, his face a mask of grief. Arno's voice rose above the others. â€Å"I think we hunters know what to do with him. This is no longer a matter for shamans!† He was looking at Hana as he said it. Hana looked back. She couldn't speak. There was no reason for her to care what happened to the stranger-but she did care. He had hurt her cousin†¦ but he was so wretched, so unhappy. Maybe he couldn't help it, she thought suddenly. She didn't know where the idea came from, but it was the kind of instinct that made Old Mother say she should be a shaman. Maybe †¦ he didn't want to do it, but something drove him to. And now he's sorry and ashamed. Maybe†¦ oh, I don't know! Still trembling, she found herself speaking out loud again. â€Å"You can't just kill him. You have to take him to Old Mother.† â€Å"It's none of her business!† â€Å"It's her business if he's a demon! You're just co-leader, Arno. You take care of the hunting. But Old Mother is the leader in spiritual things.† Arno's face went tight and angry. â€Å"Fine, then,† he said. â€Å"We take him to Old Mother.† Jabbing with their spears, the men drove the stranger into the cave. By then, most of the people of the clan had gathered around and they were muttering angrily. Old Mother was the oldest woman in the clan- the great grandmother of Hana and Ryl and almost everybody. She had a face covered with wrinkles and a body like a dried stick. But her dark eyes were full of wisdom. She was the clan's shaman. She was the one who interceded directly with the Earth Goddess, the Bright Mother, the Giver of Life who was above all other spirits. She listened to the story seriously, sitting on her leather pallet while the others crowded around her. Hana edged close to her and Ryl was placed in her lap. â€Å"They want to kill him,† Hana murmured in the old woman's ear when the story was over. â€Å"But look at his eyes. I know he's sorry, and I think maybe he didn't mean to hurt Ryl. Can you talk to him, Old Mother?† Old Mother knew a lot of different languages; she'd traveled very far when she had been young. But now, after trying several, she shook her head. â€Å"Demons don't speak human languages,† Arno said scornfully. He was standing with his spear ready . although the stranger squatting in front of the old woman showed no signs of trying to run away. â€Å"He's not a demon,† Old Mother said, with a se–veie glance at Amo. Then she added slowly, â€Å"But he's certainly not a man, either. I'm not sure what he is. The Goddess has never told me anything about people like him.† â€Å"Then obviously the Goddess isn't interested,† Arno said with a shrug. â€Å"Let the hunters take care of him.† Hana gripped the old woman's thin shoulder. Old Mother put a twiglike hand on Hana's. Her dark eyes were grave and sad. â€Å"The one thing we do know is that he's capable of great harm,† she said softly. â€Å"I'm sorry, child, but I think Arno is right.† Then she turned to Arno. â€Å"It's getting dark. We'd better shut him up somewhere tonight; then in the morning we can decide what to do with him. Maybe the Goddess will tell me something about him as I sleep.† But Hana knew better. She saw the look on Arno's face as he and the other hunters led the stranger away. And she heard the cold and angry muttering of others in the clan. In the morning the stranger would die. Unpleasantly, if Arno had his way. It was probably what he deserved. It was none of Hana's business. But that night, as she lay on her leather pallet underneath her warm furs, she couldn't sleep. It was as if the Goddess were poking her, telling her that something was wrong. Something had to be done. And there was nobody else to do it. Hana thought about the look of anguish in the stranger's eyes. Maybe †¦ if he went somewhere far away †¦ he couldn't hurt other people. Out on the steppes there were no people to hurt. Maybe that was what the Goddess wanted. Maybe he was some creature that had wandered out of the spirit world and the Goddess would be angry if he were Jailed. Hana didn't know; she wasn't a shaman fef. All she knew was that she felt pity for the stranger and she couldn't keep still any longer. A short time before dawn she got up. Very quietly, she went to the back of the cave and picked up a spare waterskin and some hard patties of traveling food. Then she crept to the side cave where the stranger was shut up. The hunters had set a sort of fence in front of the cave, like the fences they used to trap animals. It was made of branches and bones lashed together with cords. A hunter was beside the fence, one hand on his spear. He was leaning back against the cave wall, and he was asleep with his mouth open. Hana edged past him. Her heart was pounding so loudly she was certain it would wake him up. But the hunter didn't move. Slowly, carefully, Hana pulled one side of the fence outward. From the darkness inside the cave, two eyes gleamed at her, throwing back the light of the fire. Hana pressed fingers against her mouth in a sign to be quiet, then beckoned. It was only then that she realized exactly how dangerous what she was doing was. She was letting him out-what was to stop him from rushing past her and into the main cave, grabbing people and biting them? But the stranger did no such thing. He didn't move. He sat and his two eyes glowed at Hana. He's not going to come, she realized. He won't. She beckoned again, more urgently. The stranger still sat. Hana's eyes were getting used to the darkness in the side cave and now she could see that he was shaking his head. He was determined to stay here and let the clan kill him. Hana got mad. Balancing the fence precariously, she jabbed a finger at the stranger, then jerked a thumb over her shoulder. You-out! the gesture meant. She put behind it all the authority of a descendant of Old Mother's, a woman destined to be co-leader of the clan someday. And when the stranger didn't obey immediately, she reached for him. That scared him. He shrank back, seeming more alarmed than he had at anything else that had happened so far. He seemed afraid for her to touch him. Afraid he might hurt me, Hana thought. She didn't know what put the idea into her mind. And she didn't waste time wondering about it. She simply pressed her advantage, reaching for him again, using his fear to make him go where she wanted him to. She herded him into the main cave and through it. They both moved like shadows among the shelters built along either side of the cave, Hana feeling certain that they were about to be caught any minute. But nobody caught them. When they got outside she guided him toward the river. Then she pointed downstream. She put the food and the waterskin in his hands and made far-flung gestures that meant, Go far away. Very far away. Very, very far. She was going into a pantomime indicating what Arno would do with his spear if the stranger ever came back when she noticed the way he was looking at her. The moon was up and so bright that she could see every detail of the strange boy's face. And now he was looking at her steadily, with the quiet concentration of a hunting animal, a carnivore. At the same time there was something bleak and terribly human in his eyes. Hana stopped her pantomime. All at once, the space around the cave seemed very large, and she felt very small. She heard night noises, the croaking of frogs and the rushing of the river, with a peculiar intensity. I should never have brought him out here. I'm alone with him out here. What was I thinking? There was a long pause while they stood looking at each other silently. The stranger's eyes were very dark, as bottomless and ageless as Old Mother's. Hana could see that his eyelashes were long and she realized again, dimly, that he was handsome. He lifted the packet of traveling food, looked at it, then with a sudden gesture he threw it on the ground. He did the same with the waterskin. Then he sighed. Hana was bristling, going from fear to annoyance and back again. What was he doing? Did he think she was trying to poison him? She picked up the food packet, broke a piece of traveling food off and put it in her mouth. Chewing, she extended the packet toward him again. She made gestures from packet to mouth, saying out loud, â€Å"You need to eat, food. Eat! Eat!† He was watching her steadily. He took the packet from her, touched his mouth, and shook his head. He dropped it at his feet again. He means it isn't food to him. Hana realized it with a shock. She stood and stared at the strange boy. The food isn't food to him and the water isn't drink. But Ryl's blood †¦ he drank that. Blood is his food and drink. There was another long pause. Hana was very frightened. Her mouth was trembling and tears had come to her eyes. The stranger was still looking at her quietly, but she could see the fangs indenting his lower lip now and his eyes were reflecting moonlight. He was looking at her throat. We're out here alone †¦ he could have attacked me at any time, Hana thought. He could attack me right now. He looks very strong. But he hasn't touched me. Even though he's starving, I think. And he looks so grieved, so sad†¦ and so hungry. Her thoughts were tumbling like a piece of bark tossed on the river. She felt very dizzy. It hurt Ryl†¦ but it didn't kill Ryl. Ryl was sitting up and eating before we all went to sleep tonight. Old Mother said she's going to get well. If it didn't kill her, it wouldn't kill me. Hana swallowed. She looked at the strange boy with the glowing animal eyes. She saw that he wasn't going to move toward her even though a fine trembling had taken over his body and he couldn't seem to look away from her neck. What good does it do to send him off starving? There's no other clan near here. He'll just have to come back. And I was right before; he doesn't want to do it, but he has to do it. Maybe somebody put a curse on him, made it so he starves unless he drinks blood. There's nobody else to help him. Very slowly, her eyes on the stranger, Hana lifted the hair from one side of her neck. She exposed her throat, leaning her head back slightly. Hunger sparked in the strange boy's eyes-and then something blazed in them so quickly and so hot that it swallowed up the hunger. Shock and anger. He was staring at her face, now, not her neck. He shook his head vehemently, glaring. Hana touched her neck and then her mouth, then made the far-flung gestures. Eat. Then go away. And for the Goddess's sake, hurry up, she thought, shutting her eyes. Before I panic and change my mind. She was crying now. She couldn't help it. She clenched her fists and her teeth and waited grimly, trying to hang on to her resolve. When he touched her for the first time, it was to take her hand. Hana opened her eyes. He was looking at her with such infinite sadness. He smoothed out her fist gently, then kissed her hand. Among any people, it was a gesture of gratitude†¦ and reverence. And it sent startling tingles through Hana. A feeling that was almost like shivers, but warm. A lightness in her head and a weakness in her legs. A sense of awe and wonder that she'd only ever felt before when Old Mother was teaching her to communicate with the Goddess. She could see startled reaction in the stranger's eyes, too. He was feeling the same things, and they were equally new to him. Hana knew that. But then he dropped her hand quickly and she knew that he was also afraid. The feelings were dangerous-because they drew the two of them together. One long moment while they stood and she saw moonlight in his eyes. Then he turned to go. Hana watched him, her throat aching, knowing he was going to die. And somehow that wrenched her insides in a way she'd never experienced before. Although she kept herself standing still, with her head high, she could feel the tears running down her cheeks. She didn't know why she felt this way-but it hurt her terribly. It was as if she were losing something†¦ infinitely precious†¦ before she'd had a chance to know it. The future seemed gray, now. Empty. Lonely. Cold and desolate, she stood by the rushing river and felt the wind blow through her. So alone†¦ â€Å"Hannah! Hannah! Wake up!† Someone was shouting, but it wasn't a voice from her cave. It sounded-faraway-and seemed to come from all directions, or maybe from the sky itself. And it was saying her name wrong. â€Å"Hannah, wake up! Please! Open your eyes!† The faraway voice was frantic. And then there was another voice, a quiet voice that seemed to strike a chord deep inside Hana. A voice that was even less like sound, and that spoke in Hana's mind. Hannah, come back. You don't have to relive all this. Wake up. Come back, Hannah-now. Hana of the Three Rivers dosed her eyes and went limp.

Christina Gold Leading the Change

Christina Gold Leading Change in Western Union Challa Fletcher March 13, 2012 GM504-01N: Organizational Excellence & Change Professor Rogerson Unit 1 Case Analysis Christian Gold is met with some opposition as she works to define Western Union’s global placement. The new president of Western Union points out that Western Union International, a single entity responsible for all of Western Union’s international organizational operations, was not sufficient enough to meet the global clientele.Fully versed in geography and varying cultures, Gold understands that each region must be treated uniquely based on its regional needs and culture (Gosling & Mintzberg, 2003? ). By 2003, Gold proposes that Western Union International be divided into three divisions: the Americas; Europe, Middle East, Africa, and South Asia; and Asia-Pacific. Each region will be led by a division head. Gold’s theory is that each leader head can better manage the cultural needs of the individual regions, helping Western Union better target its consumers in different cultural markets.The fear of lost revenue and product control is causing pause in the parent company, First Data Corporation. Gold also faces opposition of her peers who agree with her strategic plan to grown Western Union International but differ on other aspects such as profit and loss responsibility and decentralization. Major Issues Expanding globally requires putting trust in the hands of people who may not be familiar with the standards of operations. Western Union is U. S. entric and despite being in 195 different countries, they have not relinquished any control over marketing or their product lines. Giving up control of long U. S. managed projects is not well received amongst the current four senior vice presidents (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 6). There is a combination of interactive management and inactive management making decisions for Western Union . Western Union has steadily grown; gaining eighte en percent of increased revenues in 2002 (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 4).This growth took place under the current Western Union and Western Union International. It is because of this steady growth, due to nothing more than regular marketing, First Data Corporation is satisfied with the current make-up of the organization. Inactive management only responds to change when it is absolutely necessary to avoid an impending crisis (Ackoff, 1999, p. 50). Where First Data is inactive, Christina Gold is interactive. Gold is looking at future development of the Western Union and not just at where it has been or where it is now (Ackoff, 1999, p. 5). Alternate Course of Action Compromise and start small; one region at a time. Change can be big and quickly become over powering. Jana Johnson, vice president of executive development for First Data, admits that the size of both Western Union and First Data is knowingly large, and knowing which direction to grow is a challenge (Konrad & Mitchell, 20 05, p. 12). The implementations of all three international divisions do not have to take place at the same time. Rapid growth can cause issues to spring up all at once, overbearing the new system.Such difficulties could include product introduction timing and new foreign policy implantation. Addressing these issues with three different divisions simultaneously can be too much for the organization to bear at once and still remain operating effectively; without causing profit loses (the sole concern of Christina Gold). To test the international division, Western Union can begin with opening the largest of the three divisions. In the beginning the division leader will take charge of marketing for the region and slowly begin to obtain the profit and loss responsibility.The remaining two divisions will remain under the umbrella of Western Union International until the test trial of the largest division is complete. A new division can roll out based on a developed schedule. Change is not permanent. If any division is no longer feasible and begin to lose profit it can be readjusted, or disassembled with each of its parts being restructured to other divisions. Management style of organization should be changed to be more future focused. Christina Gold and her supporters are operating interactively.The new design of Western Union’s international business is being expanded before a crises need is looming over the organization. Gold proposes a beginning process for where the company should be aiming for in the future (Ackoff, 1999, p. 58). Restructuring Improvements Restructuring is a part of growth. Western Union cannot go into the international market with the same management. Western Union needs management that mirrors the culture they are to represent. The environment will better relate to this type of leaders. Marketing and new product lines will be strengthened by the change in management restructuring.The division head will better be able to assess what mar keting techniques will be better suited to the environment. These divisions will also be able to design new products an aggressively market those that their cultural environment could better utilize. Division heads will be able to asses which products to work as well as see how those products fair in the environment. They will closely adjust marketing tools, knowing what works better for their regions. This knowledge of culture can also clear up language and communication barriers.Divisional heads will understand the nuances of what is appropriate and what is not in a region (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 5). The new restructuring and international growth will optimize the six core strategies of Western Union. Two of the six core strategies, develop a global brand and enhance global network distributions, applies directly to growth in international markets. Western Union is US centric in its management and production (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 1; 6). In order to expand globally they must restrict their management style and those they use to manage the various divisions.By adding the additional foreign markets, increasing their purchasing ability and awareness, Western Union will be developing the core strategies of increasing productivity. More availability of services to a larger market will also increase awareness and improve service excellence. Finally, Christina Gold placed Make Yerington as senior vice president of business development. Mike Yerington has been with Western Union for 30 years (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005 p. 11). The position of Western Union Americas was also given to a Western Union veteran. The final strategic core strategy is to develop leaders from within the organization.This is an important strategy for Christina Gold after her own organization growth was taken from her causing the end of her career with Avon (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 2-3). Western Union can continue on this inner organizational growth by assigning the vacant Asian-Pa cific divisional leader position to some one of the region who has shown great leadership abilities throughout their time with Western Union. Recommendation Trust the individual that was placed over the company. Christian Gold was chosen as president of Western Union because she has impeccable experience in management and global operations.Her degree in geography and experience gives her a clear vision of processing needed change. Gold exemplifies strong leaderships skills demonstrated in her vision of Western Union beyond its current market placement. An innovative leader begins the change process and takes risk (Kouzes & Posner, 2009, p. 3). Gold is aware of the challenges that will be faced by Western Unions International Divisions, but she sees beyond the organizational development process and sees the vision of the organization. She shares this vision with others (Kouzes & Posner, 2009, p. 3).She gives others the power necessary to make decisions, and achieve organizational goa ls (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 13). Gold wants to give the three division leaders the responsibility of profit and loss; believing they can handle the additional task. A true leader gives control and in return they receive loyalty and support from their followers (Bryant, 2010, p. 35). Gold has this loyalty of the already placed vice president and divisional leaders. Failure to allow change in Western Union could cost First Data Corporations market growth internationally but also the resource they have in Christian Gold.Failure to trust Gold’s judgment and to look over the potential she possesses may cause her to leave the organization. In the past when an opportunity that was earned fairly by Gold was given to another she left the organization (Konrad & Mitchell, 2005, p. 3). The growth of Western Union will not continue to be â€Å"just because,† Western Union must be able to penetrate deeper into the money market and Christina Gold is beginning this process in the international market. To continue effectiveness growth, Western Union will have to see the asset they have in Christina Gold (Lawler III, 2003, p. 87). Conclusion * Western Union has experienced continual growth throughout both its domestic and international markets, however Christina Gold see the need for international change. Christina Gold, president of Western Union, proposes a plan that will not only grow the international Western Union but also develop the six core strategies of Western Union. The major issues stem around the changes to the product line control and debates of the need for management change is necessary to advance international markets. All of the challenges are not negative.Those who agree with Christina Gold’s international development, differ on the need for decentralization. Despite the opposition for change, Christian Gold still strives to be a vision focused leader, encouraging her team and creating leaders from within the organization. First Data Corporation must see the asset in Christina Gold and trust her assessment of the needs of Western Union. References Ackoff, R. (1999). Re-Creating the Corporation: A Design of Organizations for the 21st Century, Oxford University Press. Bryant, J. H. (2010).Leading with love in a fear-based world. Leader to Leader, 2010(56), 32-38. Konrad, A. & Mitchell, J. (2005). Christina Gold Leading Change at Western Union. Harvard Business Publishing. Product #906M07-PDF-ENG. Kouzes, J. , & Posner, B. (2009). Five best practices. Leadership Excellence, 26(7), 3-4. Lawler III, E. (2003). Why treating people right pays off. Treat People Right. In J. S. Osland, M. E. Turner, D. A. Kolb & I. M. Rubin (Eds. ) (2006). The organizational behavior reader (8th ed. ) (pp. 581-593). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Why The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered - 1237 Words

There has been an ongoing controversy in the United States on whether the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen like most of the world or if it should stay at twenty-one. Underage drinking has been a major controversial issue for years, yet why is it not under control? Teenagers are continuing to buy alcohol with fake identification cards, drink, get into bars, and drink illegally. As a teen I have proof that these things are going on not only in college but in high school as well. There are a lot of factors that come together to why the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen; the most obvious reason is too many people are drinking before they are twenty-one. Liquor stores, bars, and clubs all want to make money and if they can get away with selling to underage teens then they will. A study done by the Academic Search Premier agrees that, ?By now it is obvious that the law has not succeeded in preventing the under-21 group from drinking? (Michael Smith 1). There would be a lot of benefits to having the drinking age change to eighteen. The amount of binge drinking would lessen, and the out rage to drink would also decrease. According to Smith, ?Reports of binge drinking come from all types of campuses across the country. In 1992, researchers reported that more college?s students were drinking to get drunk than their counterparts a decade earlier, and one recent study reported an increase, just since 1994, in the number of students who drink deliberately to getShow MoreRelatedWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered908 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the Drinking Age should be lowered to 18? At the age of 18, American Citizens gain the immense responsibility of becoming an adult. When you turn 18 you gain a sense of adulthood and many things that were illegal for you before are now legal. Object lessons are the right to sign a contract, vote in elections, attend on a jury, make a will, get married without parental permission and the list goes on. For what reason is it that you aren t old enough to purchase and consume alcohol. The passageRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered995 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans believe it is appropriate for those under twenty-one to drink alcohol and want the legal drinking age to be lowered to eighteen. In the United States when an individual reaches eighteen, he or she are believed to be an adult. Becoming an adult as the law states that means mature enough to vote, purchase cigarettes, and even sign up for the military. When considering changing the drinking age to eighteen for many reasons to think through when it comes to h ealth complications regards to well-beingRead MoreWhy The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered997 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the drinking age should not be lowered Alcoholism affects so many people in the United States due to accidents and much more but, many people say once teens turn 18 they should be able to do whatever they want, If they are able to vote, purchase nicotine products and become our troops, etc. So why not be able to drink? The drinking age has become a more controversial issue lately. There are many reasons of why the drinking age should not be lowered but if the drinking age was to be lowered toRead MoreWhy The Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhy the Legal Drinking Age should Be Lowered Ever since its creation in ancient times, alcohol has been used for many reasons and purposes. Since then, controversies have risen on the topic of alcohol consumption and production. Among these controversies is that of the legal drinking age. While that age is 21 years, the legal age for smoking and for holding political posts is 18 years, and the legal age for consent for sex is 16 years – two of which are activities that are equally, if not more,Read MoreWhy The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered1300 Words   |  6 PagesInsert name Professor’s name Course/class Date Why the drinking age in the U.S. should be lowered to 18 Getting to 18 years of age is an important milestone for a US resident because it is the legal age for independence, allowing the individual to make his or her decisions regarding tobacco smoking, driving and even joining the armed forces while being treated as an adult by the justice system. While this statement is essentially accurate, it is untrue concerning the ability to purchase and drinkRead MoreEssay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18872 Words   |  4 PagesLowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 drink also. If teenagers that are nowRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesboredom, sadness, insomnia, and rebellion. These are just a few reason why people may consume alcohol. The category of people also includes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you loo k at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more importantRead MoreShould the Drinking Age Be Lowered to 18? Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesargument amongst Americans is determining that the current legal drinking age which is 21 should be lowered to eighteen or not. Researching the following propaganda made me understand the dangers to the youth and people in America if the drinking age were to lower. Therefore i will argue with whoever disagrees with me that the drinking age should be lowered. Id like to explain six reasons to why the drinking age should not be lowered beginning with the strongest reasons. First reason being is thatRead MoreLowering The Alcohol Drinking Age1602 Words   |  7 Pages Lowering The Alcohol Drinking Age Now a day’s teens that are under the age of twenty-one are out in trouble and drinking. They know that they are not old enough to drink and that is what makes them want to drink even more. Teens drink when they are not suppose to, but they know that when they drink, they must stay out of trouble. Lowering the alcohol drinking age will keep a bunch of teens out of trouble. If teens can stay safe while drinking then they should allow eighteen year olds to drink

Renewable Energy Cars Reduce Greenhouse Effects - 945 Words

Buying Renewable Energy Cars to Reduce Greenhouse Effects I. Introduction A. How many of you have a car? B. Automobiles are one of most important transportations in our daily lives. C. Because automobiles burn fossil fuels, and release carbon dioxide, which is the main component of greenhouse gas, causing the increasing of global temperature. Automobiles mostly depend on fossil fuels, and there are some barriers for us to change; however, new energy vehicles may be the way out. D. Burning non-renewable energy by automobiles has made a huge contributions of raising global temperature, and it is an unsustainable way. Due to lack of relevant regulations and some technology difficulties, perfect substitutes of petroleum are not being found. However, promoting new energy cars can be a solution. E. Let us first focus on the negative impact of burning fossil fuels. II. Main Point – Problem – burning fossil fuels have already caused huge negative impact on global environment due to the increasing number of automobiles. A. Carbon dioxide is the emission of burning the fossil fuels, and it remains in the atmosphere causing the raising of global temperature. 1. Carbon dioxide exists in the atmosphere as one part of greenhouse gas do trap the radiation from the sun and reheat the earth. According to East Timor Review (2013), â€Å"the planet has reportedly warmed 0.3 °C to 0.6 °C over the last century†. (Page 200) 2. According to the data from Center for ClimateShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Industrial Revolution1204 Words   |  5 Pagesand halocarbons are released. These are known as greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases trap solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere and cause the planet to warm. If there were no greenhouse gases in earth’s atmosphere the surface of the planet would freeze at night. Too much green house gas also has negative effects. Venus, the second planet from the sun, is actually warmer than mercury, the closest planet to the sun, due to a runaway greenhouse effect on Venus. The average temperature of the earth’sRead MoreSolutions to the Global Climate Change Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming has become a world wide issue and an issue that is causing great controversy. It is an increase in the earths atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from p ollution (Dictionary). Global warming is a natural process, but because of increase in certain activities this process is taking a faster and more dangerous route creating global problems. Global warming was first theorized in 1894 by Jean BaptisteRead MoreThe Effects Of Greenhouse Gases On Our Climate Change951 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle in the Wall Street journal caught this student’s attention as the article discussed in detail the effects of global climate change and the effect of greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere. I will discuss the article briefly and bring out why greenhouse gasses are affecting our climate. This student agrees with many of the points brought out in the article about the effects of fossil fuel energy and the harmful emissions produced. In addition the article briefly touches upon solid waste and itsRead MoreThe Impact Of Hybrid Cars On The Environment910 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing solutions is to reduce CO2 that is continually being pumpe d into the atmosphere at an unsustainable rate. To reach this goal, humans must work together in order to replace current methods of energy production and human transportation to better fit the earth’s needs. The main focus for humans to reduce CO2 emissions is centered on transportation and energy consumption because these two variables are the most impactful on the environment. If eco-friendly energy solutions are adopted alongRead MoreThe Effects Of Melting Glaciers On Canada s Coastline Essay1616 Words   |  7 PagesGreenland and the Antarctic affect Canada’s coastline?†. In the following sections, we have gathered an abundance of information from a variety of sources from which we will discuss, and analyze. We will find out how this data can help us understand the effect of melting glaciers on Canada’s coastline, as well as how and what we could do to stop or slow it down. 2.0 ISSUE OVERVIEW The breaking of continental ice from Greenland and the Antarctic has been slowly breaking off and melting for a long time. TheRead MoreThe Impact of Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by the increased use of fossil fuels for energy services—notably transportation, heating, and the generation of electricity—is known to be one of the foremost drivers of climate change. The United States is responsible for one-fourth of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions, representing only 5% of the world population and it becomes the world’s single largest emitter of atmospheric greenhouse gasses (EPA, 2011) . Since 1970, theRead MoreThe Warming Effect Of Climate Change1536 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural changes were first identified. The idea of the â€Å"greenhouse effect† was also introduced at this time. In simple terms, the greenhouse effect refers to the increase in earth’s temperature due to the radiation absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gas molecules, such as Carbon Dioxide. The re-emission by these gas molecules is what causes the planet to warm up, or otherwise known as global warming. Scientists pointed out this warming effect of carbon dioxide in the late 1960’s, though some stillRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagessolar heat and keeps it from radiating out of the weather. Carbon footprint is a way to evaluate the effect that human actions have on the surroundings through the exhaust of green house gas, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbon are associated with environment changes and have an effect on the entire atmosphere. Specifically, the more reliant we are on non-renewable energy sources, the larger our carbon footprint is. 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We live hectic and demanding lives and little thought is given about the types of energy resources we have used from the time we wake up to our alarm clocks to the time we lay our head down in our warm cozy bed at night. According to the Energy Information Agency, in 2012, the primary energy consumption in the United States was about

No child left behind act - 1000 Words

The No child left behind act has been a big issues ever since its establishment in 2009 by President George Bush. There has been cry by some parents for the law to be repeal because they feel it is creating more problem for the educational system. However, critical analysis of the situation of the students grades by comparing the period before and after the establishment of No child left behind will show that the law has brought tremendous improvement in our education and need to stay. Education is the bedrock of any great nation, as a result we cannot ignore it when there is crisis in that sector. This is because once there is a problem in the educational sector of a country every other sector is in danger of collapse. United State†¦show more content†¦These will create problem of income inequality, unrest and calls of marginalization in future. This is one of the reason the No child left behind act was establish, to make quality teachers available to these schools by providing incentives for then to teach in minority schools. According to Cronin, Kingsbury, McCall and Bowe in their report â€Å"In general, we found that average mathematics score of the fall 2003 group has improved over the average score of the fall of 2001......, African-American, Hispanic and Native America students posted the largest gain† (Cronin, Kingsbury, McCall Bowe, 2005).Viadero also state in her report that â€Å"Over the same period, it adds, reading scores have improved among 4th and 5th graders in 15 of the 23 states studied, and achievement gaps between minority and white students have begun to shrink in a number of them† (Viadero,2004).These reports show to a great extent that the No child left behind act is actually working and addressing the problems of the large gap average scorers and low scorers among our students. Over the years these two Mathematics and Reading has been used to measure student ability to do well in other subjects. The improvement in test scores in Mathematics and Reading is the primaryShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1670 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review: Every Student Succeeds Act Suzanne Hatton, BSW, LSW University of Kentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of itsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act â€Å"NCLB† was a bill passed by the Senate in 2001 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. It was a revision of the Elementary and Secondary Act â€Å"ESEA† of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. The NCLB was intended to help children in lower-income families achieve the same standard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academicRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1418 Wor ds   |  6 Pagessystematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students haveRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagesuccessful at it. (Source 7) Next, the â€Å"No Child left behind Act† it was signed by President George W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That eachRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2120 Words   |  9 PagesWhen President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) into law in 2002, the legislation had one goal-- to improve educational equity for all students in the United States by implementing standards for student achievement and school district and teacher performance. Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the program of study for most schools was developed and implemented by individual states and local communities†™ school boards. Proponents of the NCLB believed that lax oversightRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1988 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 8, 2002, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law (also known as the NCLB). The No Child Left Behind Act was the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, a federal education bill addressing the nation’s schools. At his signing ceremony, Bush stated, â€Å"There’s no greater challenge than to make sure that every child—and all of us on this stage mean every child, not just a few children—every single child, regardless of where they live, how they’reRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was the biggest educational step taken by president Bush and his administration. Its main goal included the increase of achievement in education and completely eliminate the gap between different racial and ethnic grou ps. Its strategies had a major focus on uplifting test scores in schools, hiring â€Å"highly qualified teachers† and deliver choices in education. Unluckily, the excessive demands of the law have not succeeded in achieving the goals that were set, and have causedRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1747 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NALB) was signed into law by the former President of the United States George Walker Bush on the 8th of January 2002. It was a congressional attempt to encourage student achievement through some reforms focused on elementary and secondary education programs in the United States. The NCLB requires that within a decade all students including those with disabilities to perform at a proficient level on their state academic evaluation testsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1124 Words   |  5 PagesChristian J. Green Dr. Shoulders NCLB and ESSA 28 February 2016 The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was authorized by and signed into law in 2002. NCLB was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. NCLB was meant to hold schools to higher standards, enforce accountability, and close achievement gaps that had existed in education since ESEA was enacted. Nevertheless, the rigorous standards and goals set forth under NCLB were never attained. ESEA Flexibility could

Pharmaceutical Services and Health Promotion

Question: Discuss about the Pharmaceutical Services and Health Promotion. Answer: Introduction: Health- promotion that involves supporting the individuals to impose control over as well as to improve their health is vital in todays world. The 1st health conference, Ottawa Charter for health promotion has clarified the fundamental concepts and aspects in regard to health- promotion, which is the responsibility of various sectors (including pharmacology scientists) that goes beyond health with necessity to progress beyond the healthy life- style especially to achieve a global well- being (Catford, 2011). In regard to pharmaceutical context, after Ottawa charter conference, various international practices, procedures and policies and pharmacological researches has started taking health- promotion as one among the objectives of pharmacists as well as pharmacists' practice. It is clear that the pharmaceutical field has tended to come close to health- care with public- health from 1980s by relating pharmacists and pharmacology scientists to provide medications and to educate about ri sk reduction and lifestyle changes. This essay discusses about the areas of OC and its relevance to pharmacology scientists. The first area of OC is building healthy- public policies that involves taking coordinated action to address health equity and assuring safer as well as healthier goods with services along with healthy-public services (Nakamura, 2014). It means that all the goods including medicines should be well researched so as to provide safe, effective and harmless medications to people that ensures the provision of healthier services to people in an enjoyable environment. Moreover, this areas of action is indented to include health in its agenda by the policy- makers in all sectors with all levels and directing them to understand the health consequences and accept their responsibilities. Hence, this area is highly relevant for our profession. The second area of creating supportive environments involves promoting health to enhance safe, stimulating, well satisfactory with enjoying life and working environment. It is not relevant to pharmacology scientists profession as this area deals with the actions of only pharmacist who takes the last position in the patients' contact chain after being diagnosed by health-care personnel to make decisions about pharmacological therapy (Kellow, 2011) or sometimes being the sole contact for drugs that may not require a medical- prescription or may be for changes in life-style as to quit smoke, stop alcohol abuse, etc (Aquilino, 2003). This area doesnt deal with the role of pharmacology scientists. The next area of strengthening community actions involves educating and counseling the people about the drugs dosage, adverse effects with drug interactions and about changes in life-style as nutritional counseling, physical therapy and quitting smoking (Lenz, 2011). This area is not relevant to my profession as it deals with only education and counseling aspects. As per next area, professionals should develop personal skills to promote health in community. Similarly, pharmacology scientists should conduct research and develop their personal skills to promote communitys health. They identify and select the persons with risk- factors for disease that are targeted in national health-care programs (cardio-vascular diseases) and analyze the effect of medication therapy that is required to prevent, treat or control the disease by their researches. Hence, this area is highly relevant to my profession. The next area of re-orienting to health services that involves re-organizing the pharmaci es by conducting researches and to modify goods and services based on current needs is practiced by pharmacology scientist. Hence, this area is relevant to my profession. Hence, among five areas of Ottawa Charter, three areas are relevant to pharmacology- scientists profession. Reference Aquilino, M.L. (2003). Smoking-cessation services in Iowa community pharmacies: Pharmacotherapy. 23(5): 666-673. Catford, J. (2011). Ottawa 1986: back to the future: Health Promot. Int. 26(2): ii163-ii167. Kellow, N. (2011). Evaluation of a rural community pharmacy-based Waist Management Project: bringing the program to the people: Aust. J. Prim. Health. 17(1):16-22. Lenz, D. (2011). Evaluation of the use of topic nasal decongestants in university students from health sciences courses: Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 47(4): 761-767. Nakamura, C.A. (2014). Pharmaceutical services and health promotion: how far have we gone and how are we faring? Scientific output in pharmaceutical studies: Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 50(4). Retrieved from https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S1984-82502014000400773